Feudalism and the Caste System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 482 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Feudalism Essay Did you like this example? Feudalism and the caste system have some similarities and some differences. Feudalism is the dominant social system in the medieval Europe,in which the nobility held lands from the crown in exchange for military service,and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lords land and give him homage,labor,and a share of the produce, notionally exchange for military protection.It flourished between 9th and 15th centuries. There were 4 levels of society .The king,the noble lords,the knights and the peasants.The king needed to share land to lessen their responsibility . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Feudalism and the Caste System" essay for you Create order That is when feudalism was established. The peasents were the poorest. They were given some land from the knights ,in exchange to crop and farm so they can feed the whole kingdom. The knights in exchange for protection were given some land from the noble lords. The king gave the lords some land in exchange for loyalty. Europe in the middle ages was weak and under threat from foreign invasion. The feudalism system helped secure Europe. The caste system is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy,hereditary transmission of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation, status in a hierarchy, customary social interaction,and exclusion. It is a complex system of boundaries and stratification within hindu society. Laws of many are ancient text in which caste systems were formed. The brahmin caste was top in the system, they were the priestly class of hindu society. The kshatriya caste was the king or ruler in the hindu society. They were known as the nobles and the warriors. The vaishya caste engaged in money making activities and were business owners .The shudra was the lowest caste. They were the laborers or servants. The untouchables were ostracised from traditional indian society. They were the outcast and were a product of a mixed marriage between castes, they held a job that was forbidden. The caste and the feudal system were similar in some ways. They both had the same amount of classes. They both are social hierarchies, which means people were based in order of importance. A persons class determined their occupation and the way they were treated. The caste and the feudal system were different in some ways because they had different religions. The caste religion was hinduism and the feudal system was roman catholic. The highest class for the feudal system was the king ,but in the caste , it was the brahmins although the king was part of the second tier. The feudal system existed during the middle ages , unlike the caste is still being followed in India. I believe that in todays society we are still oppressed with poverty . We are still put in categories depending on our fortunes ,wealth ,education and profession. Being discriminated based on economic status can cause a cyclical pattern between discrimination and poverty.

NUMMI Analysis - 2465 Words

Executive Summary The goal of this executive summary is to identify the problems, the major causes, solutions and methods of implementation for the New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. better known as NUMMI. NUMMI though specializes in vehicle manufacturing, was having trouble producing small vehicles. NUMMI workforce also had a horrible reputation. NUMMI would like to successfully reinvent its organization culture and produce high quality vehicles. NUMMI solution is to adopt a new production and management systems. To conclude this report, we will justify why adopting new production and management system will benefit NUMMI and help change its organizational culture. Problem Identification In1983 the New United Motor Manufacturing†¦show more content†¦How would they support the concept and practice of teamwork?† (Shook 2010) The work force culture obviously was not a positive one. Employees had an unfavorable outlook of the employers. Company -employee relationship morale was low thus affecting the company’s culture. GM Fremont facility was failing, due to the plant lack of company-employee relationship culture, production inefficiency and management systems. Possible Solutions Changing NUMMI company-employee culture was no easy task. Shook stated it best, â€Å"the way to change culture is not to first change how people think, but instead to start by changing how people behave — what they do. Those of us trying to change our organizations’ culture need to define the things we want to do, the ways we want to behave and want each other to behave, to provide training and then to do what is necessary to reinforce those behaviors. The culture will change as a result.† NUMMI empowered its employees to find and solve daily problems and make justified improvements as they see fit. By doing so NUMMI provided its workforce the necessary means to successfully do their jobs. In the article â€Å"The Stop the Line System† was the primary example of this. Stop the line enabled employees with the obligation to stop the assembly line if and when there was a problem. This in turn reassured employees that the company value their opinions and trus t them enough to make pertinent decisions. â€Å"ManagersShow MoreRelatedManaging Corporate Culture: Nummi1312 Words   |  6 Pagesspring 2010, New United Motor Manufacturing Inc., a successful joint venture between Toyota Motor Co. and General Motors Co, shut down its plant in Fremont, California. Over two decades NUMMI was a model manufacturing plant with high quality and productivity, exceptional worker’s satisfaction and attendance. What did NUMMI do to change the former GM’s dysfunctional disaster into best plant? This report is going to examine a dramatic change conducted by NUMMI’s leadership. It will address three main reasonsRead MoreCulture Transplant-Nummi Case2976 Words   |  12 PagesJapanese auto manufacturer into an American culture. New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI), which is a Toyota- General Motors (GM) 50:50 joint venture that started in 1984. NUMMI is located in Fremont, California. In the history a lot of research has been done on NUMMI, it provides another insight into how the Japanese have dramatically influenced automobile and other manufacturing in the U.S. NUMMI was an initiative of Toyota. Toyota’s main objectives were to gain entry to the U.S. marketRead MoreScientific Management - for a Different Time and Place?3518 Words   |  15 Pagesvery relevant. Next, I will examine the context in which Taylor developed his principles and contrast this with the contemporary context. Then I will evaluate the relevance of each of Taylor’s 4 Principles to today, with help from a case study of the NUMMI car manufacturing plant. Finally, I will examine the modern forms of Scientific Management, and what the future holds. Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: The Academic Contribution of Scientific Management â€Å"Every method during these past hundredRead MoreRio Bravo Iv Essay4235 Words   |  17 Pagescame from a different background than the positions they currently held. This posed great challenges as the newly appointed management team had little experience in this nature of business. Their customer New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated (NUMMI) demanded high quality products, in precise quantities, at specific hours of the day, to the correct location and at an acceptable price. We then see challenges when the samples of initial shipments of their products were rejected. To arrest this problemRead MoreRIO BRAVO IV A REPORT OF THE PLANT MANAGER4159 Words   |  17 Pagescame from a different background than the positions they currently held. This posed great challenges as the newly appointed management team had little experience in this nature of business. Their customer New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated (NUMMI) demanded high quality products, in precise quantitie s, at specific hours of the day, to the correct location and at an acceptable price. We then see challenges when the samples of initial shipments of their products were rejected. To arrest this problemRead MoreTechnology Of Failed Stretch Computer927 Words   |  4 Pagesat the leading top excecutive positions. It is a disciplined process of identification of the favorable best-practice organization, understanding each and every step of one’s own practices and performances, progress and conclusion in the form of analysis results, recommendation for development and implementation. Numerous renounced organizations such as Milliken and Xerox has applied this concept and gained the success. ATT’s used the benchmarking approach and proves to be inexpensive. LearningRead MoreRio Bravo IV - operations management case study2151 Words   |  9 Pagesfactory was very poorly equipped that could not compete with the lofty requirements of NUMMI - Packards immediate customer. Pack ard was known for their high quality products but NUMMIs expectations were too high to satisfy. The first shipment was based on a 200-piece order for prototype vehicles. Packard put together their best employees, every part was carefully checked, and was packaged in perfect order. However, NUMMI and Toyota decided that the products had poor quality design and they were unhappyRead MoreBackground Information On Tesla Motors1428 Words   |  6 PagesLater in 2012 they launched Model S the first premium electric sedan. Robotic manufacturing of the Model S at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California. Tesla manufactures the Model S in Fremont, California, in an assembly plant formerly operated by NUMMI, a defunct joint venture of Toyota and General Motors, now called Tesla Factory. Tesla Mission Statement Tesla’s mission is to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable transport. Our goal when we created Tesla a decade ago was the same as itRead MoreSwot Analysis : Tesla Motors1501 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT analysis of tesla motors Tesla motor is a car company that manufactures, design and sell electric car. The company named was named after a famous scientist and physicist Nikola tesla. Its headquarter is located in Palo Alto, California and it has a main production plant is in Fremont, California. Currently tesla motors have launched three models, the tesla roadster, model S, and model X. According to Elon musk, Cofounder and Ceo of tesla motors, â€Å"A Tesla motor was created to accelerate the adventRead MoreEssay on General Motors - Financial Ratio Analysis1472 Words   |  6 Pages General Motors - Financial Ratio Analysis I. General Motors History Highlights In its early years the automobile industry consisted of hundreds of firms, each producing a few models. William Durant, who bought and reorganized a failing Buick Motors in 1904, determined that if several automobile makers would unite, it would increase the protection for the group. He formed the General Motors Company in Flint, Michigan, in 1908. Durant had bought 17 companies (including Oldsmobile, Cadillac

Mass Media’s Effect on Indian Society Free Essays

string(147) " in itself guarantee that there will be no distortion—it does not insist on the real possibility of distortionless cross-cultural communication\." Christian History in Cross-Cultural Perspective A great deal of Donald A. McGavran’s insight can be traced to the unique advantage he had of growing up in India as a third generation missionary. by Ralph D. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media’s Effect on Indian Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Winter T here before McGavran’s eyes were not only the expectable ethnic and linguistic divisions of the sub-continent (in which every given geographical area has its own area culture)—what is called horizontal segmentation. He early encountered the vertical segmentation of the world’s most rigidly stratified system of social classes.The very fact that India’s castes long constituted a highly visibly quasi-official structure meant that his perspective as he traveled in other parts of the world remained highly sensitized to social barriers (those barriers arising from other than racial and linguistic differences), even in places where no overt social categorization of such things existed. No wonder he has been accused of reading into a situation social differences that did not exist. In some such cases he has merely pointed out differences people wished to ignore. As a matter of fact, many nations too long have looked down on India’s overt social prejudice without recognizing their own covert castes. In any case, one of the durable common denominators among those associated with McGavran in the amorphous church growth school of thought is a parallel sensitivity to the central importance of the profound cultural diversity within the community of mankind. This sensitivity is the basis of what may be called here cross-cultural perspective.Cross-cultural perspective is what makes possible contextualization. Cross-cultural perspective goes to the very heart of Christian theology and historiography as these disciplines have developed across the centuries, since it sheds new light on the problem of unity versus uniformity in historic dimensions. Examples of the Problem A number of years ago representatives of the Lutheran World Federation went to great lengths to persuade the Batak Christians of Northern Sumatra to subscribe to the â€Å"Non- Altered† Augsburg Confession.One millennium earlier, on another mission frontier in the middle of another island (not nearly as large as Sumatra) a small group of men earnestly tried to persuade a Celtic Christian leader that he ought to subscribe to the Roman way of acting out the Christian faith. In these two cases the external advocates of uniformity were only partially successful, since the group being persuaded possessed a good deal of autonomy and naturally preferred its own way of doing things.In both cases, unfortunately, the external advocates were not themselves readily able to distinguish between the universal and the particular elements in their own faith. Historically speaking, as in the period preceding the Protestant Reformation, advocates of a foreign formulation of Christianity are at first successful and do not until much later face the insurgent nationalism of the surviving cultural tradition which may eventually demand its own indigenous Christian formulation.In the Philippines, for example, the Roman tradition swept in along with a colonial power, and while the Roman witnesses to the faith are to be credited with the fact that a great amount of painstaking and quite enlightened mission work was conducted throughout the whole of the Philippines, there event ually came a time when an immense sector of the Philippines church under Bishop Aglipay declared its independence from Rome in much the way that Luther had. To this day the Philippine Independent Church endures to this day as the largest non-Roman church in the country.These are only a few of many possible examples which demonstrate one of the most unique and surprising things about Christianity—that it is by nature a faith that both welcomes and encourages cultural pluralism. In this sense, if Christianity must be called a religion at all, it is the only world religion of this kind. This little understood fact is clearly perceived only by means of what is also rare: cross-cultural perspective. First, let us discuss what cross-cultural perspective is, and then proceed to indicate some of the bright new hues which Christian history takes on when viewed from cross-cultural perspective.A Biblical-Historical Analysis Cross-cultural perspective is not a new skill forced upon us by the sudden smallness of the modern world. You might say that God has always had cross-cultural perspective since He was the One who was pleased to create the diverse ta ethne—the various tribes and tongues and families of mankind. But fallen man has never clearly seen things from God’s point of view. It is almost a truism that the languages of man, apart from those affected by Christian insight, rarely if ever possess words for mankind in the generic sense.Typically, languages divide the world into us and them. We are the humans and those others are the non-humans. We are the Jews and they are the Gentiles. Even the most INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFFRONTIERMISSIONS, VOL 12:3 JUL. -SEP. 1995 128 Christian History in Cross-Cultural Perspective the Roman emperor worship. The third prominent strand was the Greek philosophical concept of the Word (logos). Each one of these key words in the Bible is thus paralleled by an identically pronounced word in the corresponding non-Christian environment. These parallels between the Bible and the ancient world have been disputed by some who feel it is desperately important to maintain that early Christianity in all its forms was entirely unique. But those who would attempt to chip away at specific parallels between Christian and pagan forms are not only fighting a losing battle, but—in terms of cross-cultural perspective—are also fighting the wrong battle. For one thing, we must not suppose that the message of Christianity, clothed in the new garments of the Greek world, was damaged by this new clothing.This supposition is the consistent and understandable, but erroneous assumption of many Jews (even many Christian Jews) in ancient times and still of today. Some Christian scholars have stumbled on the cultural differences and classified Paul’s gospel a new religion rather than the essential Jewish revelation in Greek clothing. The attempt to employ cross-cultural perspective does not in itself guarantee that there will be no distortion—it does not insist on the real possibility of distortionless cross-cultural communication. You read "Mass Media’s Effect on Indian Society" in category "Papers"However, we must not be startled that so many pagan words or forms were employed, or that it seems really possible for the Christian message in its essential integrity to be faithfully transmitted. Even those who are most eager to detect the employment of new forms must admit that the new forms are generally given a new twist and a modified meaning. Where no modification has taken place, the unmodified meaning of the adopted forms is not necessarily something which is in conflict with Christian truth.We are not suggesting that there is something so magical about the Christian message that post-biblical attempts to clothe it in new words and forms have always been successful. This is very important to say. The fact that contextualization or â€Å"reclothing† can be accomplished, that it has been done, that it must be done, does in no way imply that the task is easy, or that it involves no dangers, nor does this mean that beyond the Bible there have never been any mistakes in the process. As a matter of fact, there are likely always mistakes in the process, mistakes which may take centuries even partially to rectify.This fact is the reason why the various national churche s of the world today must be dependent upon each other: they all are involved in some misunderstandings—but not the same ones, and in symbiotic fellowship together their inadequacies tend to point each other out. No Simple Task There seems to be neither a simple nor an infallible way to determine whether a given utilization of a pagan form has been proper or entirely successful. Here we see the openendedness of the continuing need to evangelize and to re-express the faith.The adoration of the Virgin as a case in point, which first gained momentum in the context where the cult of the virgin Diana was already prominent, may not have been as helpful an employment of pre-existing ritual and belief as the comparatively harmless adoption of December 25th as the birthday of a Son in place of a celebration for the sun. Yet however safely removed the celebration of a December 25th Christmas now is from any original pagan connotations, it must be noted that we are still obligated to a constant and unrelenting attempt to obtain or maintain an authentically Christian meaning for the celebration.The Christian celebration of a Christmas on December 25th is probably neither harmed nor hindered by the fact that it was once another sort of festival. Even if it has been a totally new creation by Christians, its continuing Christian usefulness would not thereby be guaranteed by a supposedly â€Å"pure† origin. In other words, suppose that 2,000 years ago the entire language and culture of early Christianity had been cut out of new primitive tribes employ this semantic distinction. Yet man has not always been content with this kind of implicit blasphemy. We recall how exercised Alexander the Great was over the diversity of his new far-flung domain. He launched one of history’s most novel experiments when he married off thousands of his own soldiers to Middle Eastern maidens. The Romans allowed a great diversity in their empire for practical reasons, but they never solved the problem of diversity on a theoretical level, and never surmounted the ethnocentrism of their hierarchical political structure.It is not surprising that the Roman mentality, perhaps bolstered by the earlier Alexandrian idealism would encourage the development of a culturally monolithic Christianity. There have been great arguments about where the center of Christendom should be located—Rome, Constantinople, Rheims, Canterbury—but the assumption is always that there has to be some one specific place as a center. This in turn implies cultural uniformity. One of the most striking uniquenesses of the Bible is that it both recognizes the endemic xenophobia of Jew against Greek and nation against nation, but it goes on to propose a breath-taking solution.It says in effect that God can not only speak Hebrew, but Greek; that is, God was not only able to reveal Himself among and to the Hebrews in their language and culture, but the essential revelation was just as capable of being clothed in the words and cultural forms of the pagan Greeks. Striking Parallels Literally hundreds of parallels can be traced between almost everything that is said or done in the early Christian tradition and what is found in the environment of the ancient world. In its theological terminology, for example, Christology became a strong rope of three weak strands.One strand derived from the Hebrew apocalyptic concept of a Messiah. Another was the term for Lord (kurios), which had long been employed by the mystery cults of Eastern origin and also in INTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF FRONTIER MISSIONS Ralph D. Winter cloth such that there were no possibility of tracing any Christian word or form to any pre-existing language or culture. Today, two thousand years later, would we have a purer or safer form of God’s revelation (truth) in our hands? Would it necessarily be closer to the message which God is speaking to mankind?Would not even these brand new forms and words be susceptible to the loss of their Christian meaning? The answer must be yes. Therefore, we come full circle to the observation that pagan forms can as easily gain new Christian meaning as newly minted â€Å"Christian† forms could lose their originally pure meaning. It would appear that God is not in the business of replacing cultures but transforming them. We discover something else by means of cross-cultural perspective: the Bible is providentially multicultured internally.Suppose God had allowed a written revelation to be encapsulated in a single culture, whether Hebrew or Greek, would not that kind of monocultural revelation have been, 1) much more seriously subject to a mere mechanical external transmission, 2) less successfully i nterpreted as a universal faith, and indeed, 3) would not its internal meaning have been less reliably understandable than it is in the case of a multicultured Bible such as we have, which helpfully portrays truth in cultural transition?It is not always possible to be sure of the reasons God has had in what He has done, but it is tantamount to a linguistic theorem that if the same truth is propounded by two different men in two different languages and cultures as totally dissimilar, say, as Hebrew and Greek, that the result will inevitably be more reliably interpretable 2,000 years later. Anthropologically sophisticated missionaries today are applauded in their straightforward attempts to allow people to be culturally authentic in their expression of their Christian faith.Is it not then curious that we could be disturbed to discover that a similar openness to various cultural forms existed in the ancient world as the Christian movement took upon itself Greek, Roman, and Celtic garme nts? Why is it a good procedure for a careful missionary linguist today to select key words from a primitive vocabulary in order to express Christian faith, but it is not so easy to conceive of the New Testament epistles being written as the result of such a process? If we believe this process in the New Testament was carried on under unique inspiration, does that mean we are not to see the process itself as an example 29 value of the Bible is therefore not merely that it constitutes the one inspired case of truth transmitted cross-culturally. It is of special strategic and missionary value as it stands as an inspired example, not only of the gospel in two different cultures, but as an inspired example of the process whereby a cross-cultural bridge of communication may be built between two cultures. The New Testament as Example Every book written on the subject of the New Testament—indeed every student of the New Testament— is forced to observe the clash of cultures in the period of the early church.Some expositors have tried to make Paul out to be the originator of a â€Å"new religion† by treating the changes as evidence of heresy. Others have treated the changes as the result of a new dispensation in which God himself takes a new approach in certain things. Some may agree that new forms were employed while effective communication of the same basic message took place. In the latter case, however, their discussions often focus more attention on the details of the new formulations than they do on the nature (and limits) of the contextualization process whereby those new formulations were achieved.That is, their emphasis does not seem to anticipate the necessity later on in mission history of similar crosscultural reformulations to take place, and therefore they deprive themselves of the great value of the Bible in casting light on those later reformulations. Indeed our whole attitude subtly and profoundly changes toward what happened within the pages of the New Testament once we sense the essential repeatability— and the necessity for repetition—of the process whereby Paul bridged over to the Greek culture. In a parallel way Luther demanded that there be a bridge to the Germanic culture area and helped to build that bridge.Just as Paul defended the Greek Christians against Roman formulations which, in effect, became We must not suppose that the message of Christianity, clothed in the new garments of the Greek world, was damaged by this new clothing. to us? Indeed, is it not our very conviction regarding its inspiration that makes it so valuable an example? Quite confidently then, we may look on the experiences of the early church as a divinely preserved, full-blown case study of the missionary adaptation of the Christian message to Greek linguistic and cultural forms.We misunderstand God’s intent if we suppose that the precise words chosen in that particular feat of communication were somehow better (in their unmodified pagan usage) than other words that may be chosen in a parallel way in other cultures. The inspiration of the Bible thus does not lie in the contemporary secular meaning of the key words employed but in the unique use the biblical makes of otherwise quite ordinary words. Least of all must we feel that the procedure of dipping into pagan vocabularies was illicit. We must confidently expect that such borrowing was done, and for the same reason we must confidently continue to recommunicate and to retool contemporary words and forms as we meet new cultures in other places around the world today. We must do the same as we face new developments in our own culture with the change of generations. The great VOL 12:3 JUL. -SEP. 1995 130 Christian History in Cross-Cultural Perspective movement is therefore the story of a long succession of encounters between a universal faith and many particular contexts.Rather than to try to condense or even list all such encounters in Christian history in which the Christian mission has endeavored to cross cultural bridges, it may be well to explore the varied experiences of a single ethnic group outside of the Mediterranean world, one concerning which we have at least some continuous evidence. While no one example is ideal, it should not be surprising that we would choose a society beyond the furthest reaches of the Roman legions, living in island isolation as well. Such might be the minimal conditions that would provide a laboratory of investigation concerning the possibility of local diversity being compatible with a universal faith. It has been said that: †¦ Ireland was the only head-taking, cattle-raiding culture to be converted to Christianity while retaining its tribal economic and social structure†¦ (Scott, 1967:193). Nearly all general accounts of the period tend to be unevenly biased in favour of the Germanic-speaking invaders†¦The reasons for this are complex, but the main one is probably that, until the present century, almost no major historian of the period had any know-ledge of, or indeed interest in, the story of the Celtic-speaking peoples of early Britain. legalistic in the Hellenistic situation, so Luther stoutly defended the Germans against the imperialism of a Roman formulation. Bultmann and Fletcher, in their demythologizing and â€Å"situation ethics,† have groped ineffectively but with the same problem, trying to achieve aspects of a new formulation for our generation. With greater clarity of purpose, I feel, Leslie Dewart has noted the distance the modern world has drifted away from Greek thought and has called for a massive â€Å"dehellenization† of the present-day Roman tradition to communicate to a no-longer Hellenic world, and so on. In a significant development, American scholars in the colonial period thrust away the tradition of studying the pagan classics in college and embraced Hebrew as the divine language, which they expected to be spoken in heaven; college presidents delivered commencement addresses in Hebrew. Specifically, this latter was a case of attempted restoration rather than reformulation.But in the process of rejecting Hellenistic molds, some real Americanization did take place under the guise of Hebraicization. Thus the process of cultural reformulation has gone on again and again down through history but has not always been clearly recognized as a necessary or wholesome process. Cross-Cultural Analysis of Christian Hi story Thus the early moments of the Christian movement expose it and sanction a crosscultural perspective in which the diversity of cultural forms is not seen as an obstacle to the expansion of the faith or even a nuisance.We do well, therefore, not to consider human diversity a part of the problem of the Christian mission but an essential feature in an exciting solution. This solution is for all mankind the wholesome fullness of God’s redemption which ideally reaches man in all his diversity (without condemning the diversity itself), resolving the profound alienation between man and God which is the source of all man’s sufferings and evil. The outward sweep of the ChristianIndeed, with the continuing hostilities in the north, feelings on the Emerald Island are running so high that it is not possible even now to speak of events that happened fifteen centuries ago without being enmeshed in arguments that have misleading emotional overtones. Nevertheless, it is the worldwide experience of the emerging new nations that had brought into being so many parallels that many ancient questions long considered closed may be resurrected with new impetus and insight.Ours is preeminently the age in which the minority voice is going to be heard. At this point, however, cross-cultural perspective may likely be considered a bias in favor of the Irish tr adition. This may as well be confessed. We will certainly get nowhere if we do not recognize mechanisms of prejudice of one kind or another. In one sense cross-cultural perspective precisely consists of the ability to anticipate, to recognize and to tolerate prejudice between disparate cultures. The Irish situation is rich with examples of prejudice.Jerome may or may not have been reporting accurately when he recalled an encampment of Irish cannibals from his experience in Gaul (D’Alton, 1936:36), nor can we credit him with objective charity when he referred to the famous Celtic scholar Pelagius as an â€Å"Irish dog. † What is apparently incontrovertible is that some of the Irish became Christians at a fairly early date and that they were for a long time, mainly for geographic reasons, beyond the power of emperor or pope. These were the conditions that fostered, or at least allowed, considerable indigeneity in their resulting Christianity.Harold Cook (1971:46) quotes O’Donovan with approval, saying: This of course is a reference to the period of the early expansion of Christianity. There are many su ch societies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries which have undergone similar experiences. Indeed, the relevance of this ancient example to modern times provides part of the impetus of our discussion. The primary literature alone highlighting the whole Irish experience is voluminous. A brief treatment can only sketch the basic outlines of the encounter of this people with Christianity.It may also be noted that only comparatively recently has the subject itself undergone the kind of objective scholarly study it has long merited. Anglo-Saxon scholarship, for reasons which may appear more clearly below, has to be supplemented in such studies by French, German and Norwegian scholarship, the whole â€Å"Irish question† seemingly having postponed objective English investigation of the subject. Speaking of this tendency, Charles Thomas (1965:259) explains that: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRONTIER MISSIONS Ralph D. Winter Patrick engrafted Christianity on the pagan superstitions with so much skill hat he won the people to the Christian religion before they understood the exa ct difference between the two systems of belief and much of this half-pagan, halfChristian religion will be found not only in the Irish stories of the Middle Ages, but in the superstitions of the peasantry of the present day. 131 them manuscripts and learning in even greater abundance than had the steady stream of Irish missionaries. This exodus greatly enhanced the curious development whereby the Irish system of private confession became the â€Å"Roman† confessional, the Irish collar the â€Å"Roman† collar, and the Irish orthography, the â€Å"Carolingian† minuscule.To this day the â€Å"Roman† alphabet, except for upper case letters, is really Irish not Roman. Even Irish manuscript illumination became known for a time as â€Å"Anglo-Saxon† (Zimmer, 1891:16). In many other ways Irish Christian virility first saved the Roman tradition and then itself became labeled â€Å"Roman. † The Irish have been generalized as savage in the fourth and fifth centuries, and as saints in the sixth, seventh, and eight centuries. Then, with the destruction wrought by the Vikings in the ninth and tenth centuries the shattered remains of Irish Christianity became looked upon as mu ch too rebellious a deviation from the Roman tradition. This view perhaps underlay the reasoning behind the pope’s â€Å"gift† of Ireland to the Norman conquerors in 1164, which for the first time sent what could be called Roman(ized) force across the Irish sea. As a result, a drastically heightened antagonism between the Irish and the English (whether Anglo-Saxon or Norman) laid the basic for a final ironic twist at the time of the Reformation. Now the Irish, in order to continue to differentiate themselves from the now suddenly anti-Roman Anglo-Saxons on the larger island decided finally they would rather be Roman than Protestant.It is significant that the â€Å"gift† of Ireland to England was made by a pope who happened to be the only Englishman ever to be a pope. The Irish people thus represent in a tragic and classical sense the plight of the people in a minority culture who at best can only choose between the dominant flavors of their environment, lying low as the major powers clash, choosing first one and now a nother of the foreign traditions, whichever seems best to favor their local free expression. ndependence from Western Roman customs was the much more important discrepancy that was probably based somehow on Irish tribal structure: the Celtic form of monasticism. This too derived from the East, but if it had not had some kind of resonance with indigenous social structure it may not have been so durably opposed to the implantation of the Roman diocesan system of territorial bishops. Unlike those classical instances of Roman religion being planted by force in Saxony and in eastern Europe, in Ireland Rome’s physical power was always totally inadequate to enforce any kind of uniformity.Bede’s ostensibly pro-Roman account paints Augustine’s mission to England in bold strokes, but clearly records that the only force available to his mission (as he tried to win over the Celtic Christians) was what could be called threats about the afterlife coupled with the assumed prestige of the see of Peter—as against John the Beloved on whose word the Celts relied. Meanwhile, by the Synod of Whitby in the Seventh Century, Rome was handicapped profoundly by the centuries of confusion in the Mediterranean itself induced by the Barbarian invasions in the West and subsequent see-sawing between Gothic and Eastern Roman military power.Irish scholars, for whom Latin was never a native tongue, were finally needed to teach Latin in the city of Rome. (This would be like black African Christians coming to the United States to teach English in the year 2030, following one-half century of Chinese occupation of North America). For similar reasons, it was Irish scholarship traditions that were reinstated on the Continent—with the help (of course) of Anglo-Saxon scholars whose own scholarly formation, if not always their actual training, derived from Celtic centers of learning in Ireland or England.Eventually the Danish (Viking) invasions became a violent force inflicted against the Irish Christian tradition, but not a force conforming them to Roman Christianity except in the sense that their scholars fled to the Continent, taking with Cook goes on to summarize: This is what we should naturally expect. The remarkable thing is that this syncretistic tendency did not go further and pervert the basic Christian message. Perhaps it was the emphasis on the scriptures that provided the safeguard.It is certainly notable that in the last century after Patrick Ireland became a major center of Christian learning, even attracting students from the Continent. Moreover, it is beginning to send its own missionaries far and wide, even as far as Italy itself. In the attempt to understand early insular Celtic Christianity and specifically Irish Christianity, our chief problem is that the preservation of their story was, for one reason or another, constantly left in the hands of non-Irish groups. Pelagius and Bede Pelagius is a case in point.What we know of his teaching remains today primarily in the writings of his opponents against words of his disciples. Looking back we can recognize possible discrepancies in differing cultural connotations of the same Latin words, with the result that those of different backgrounds employed different explanations (theological formulations). If grace had a sinister meaning for Pelagius (as for example in the Theodosian Code) implying favoritism (Hughes, 1966:20,21) we can almost assume the need for honest divergence between Celtic and Roman theologians.Less significant theologically, perhaps, are the divergences between the Insular Celts and the Western tradition in the matter of tonsure and Easter date. In this case, the offending diversity was not homemade but came simply from the opposite end of the Mediterranean. Yet beneath these two tangible symbols of VOL 12:3 JUL. -SEP. 1995 132 The Tragedy and Irony The tragedy is that the Christian tradition itself has not more clearly Christian History in Cross-Cultural Perspective their potential contribution to the larger world is ideally fulfilled in t he present political structure. There is not space to mention the Basques, the Bretons, the Navajos, and other over-run minorities still encapsulated in the Western world, whose minority cultures are not treated with adequate cross-cultural perspective by secular political powers. However, the failure of secular rulers to view things with Christian cross-cultural perspective is no excuse for Christian strategists to ignore the heightened urgency of the whole problem as the world Christian family struggles to understand and accept both its unity and diversity.The ecumenical movement will become a tyrannical power if cross-cultural perspective does not prevent its projection of simplistic democracy as the only means for disparate Christian tradition to sit down in fellowship together. The Christian family is more complex than the small town in which a pure democracy has been made classical. Both union churches (single congregation) and united denominations can proceed with democratically correct procedures to trample on the minority cultures.Homogeneous churches in one social stratum in India are not the most likely instruments of evangelism within other strata holding drastically different customs and traditions. Only monolithic concepts of unity can blind us to the healthy diversity God has intended among his people and the peoples of the world. In Conclusion There is no particular value in opening ancient wounds and re-arguing issues long thought to be settled unless this holds promise for superior insight into the modern situation.Despite the outbreak of hostilities in Ireland and the continued existence of many unresolved problems of cultural diversity within the Christian tradition in the Western world today, it may still be possible that historical studies are the only studies which offer ready opportunity for the understanding of crosscultural perspective at an objective level and distance. Who knows what specific tensions in overseas countries may be resolvable only if parallels can be deeply and intelligently drawn between the present and conflicts long ago? At least it is with this profound hope that this has be written.Bibliography Cook, Harold R. 1971 â€Å"The Celtic Church in Ireland† from Historic Patterns of Church Growth, Chicago, Moody Press D’Alton, E. A. 1913 History of Ireland, London, The Gresham Publishing Co. Hughes, Kathleen 1966 The Church in Early Irish Society, London, Methuen ; Col. Ltd. Scott, William Henry 1967 â€Å"Celtic and the Conversion of Ireland,† International Review of Mission, Vol. LVI, no. 222 Thomas, Charles 1966 â€Å"Celtic Britain and the AngloSaxons† in The Dawn of European Civilization, edited by David Talbor Rice, New York, McGraw-Hill Co.Zimmer, H. 1891 The Irish Element in Medieval Culture, New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons enunciated the principles inherent in crosscultural perspective. The Irish from early times have never been a tightly knit society. The very existence of rival clans and tribes and perpetual feuding favored the development of a Christianity which was by no means perfectly uniform in Ireland itself. It was not the Irish who were perplexed about achieving any kind of uniformity. Pluralism would not have been hard for them to understand.Kathleen Hughes (1966:104) observes that: Celtic clerics seem to have been untroubled by the diversity of practice. Why should they be? The church had endured such problems for centuries, and the popes had no clear official pronouncement. ‘Let Gaul, I beg, contain us side by side, who the kingdom of Heaven shall contain’ writes Columbanus to the Gallican synod. To him, even in the mist of the Easter controversy, there were matters which seemed of far greater importance in the life of the church than liturgical diversity.The greatest irony of all—looking now beyond the Irish illustration to the experience of many other minorities encountered by the advancing wave of Christianity—is the fact that at about the time all of these questions seemed resolved in the Western world, the whole profusion of cultural diversity within the Christian Church has burst forth as the result of the missionary movement in the non-Western world. The angriest problems in the world today are not international imperialism but questions of conformity within national states—in a word, civil wars: Vietnam, Nigeria, Sudan, and (here we are again) Ireland.The question is how long the Amharas can dominate the Gallas in Ethiopia, whether the Kikuyus shall forever dominate the government in Kenya, whether a handful of whites shall run the country in Rhodesia, etc. The reason these problems are so nearly insoluble is the same: 700,000 Celtic people who speak Welsh do not feel that Dr. Ralph Winter is President of William Carey University located in Pasadena California. He served as a professor of missions at Fuller Theological Seminary and also was a missionary to Guatemala . Editors Note: This essay is a revised edition of Chapter 17 of God, Man, and Church Growth (Eerdmans, 1973), edited by Alan Tippett, a festschrift in honor of the late Dr. Donald McGavran’s 75th birthday. Since the writing of this essay, a number of books have appeared which confirm the remarkable contribution of the mission scholarship of the Celtic Church. Note John T. McNeil’s groundbreaking work, The Celtic Churches, 200 AD to 1200 AD, and also Light from the West, and more recently the popular book, How the Irish Saved Civilization. ] INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRONTIER MISSIONS How to cite Mass Media’s Effect on Indian Society, Papers

Manufacture Renewables-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Manufacture renewables to build Energy Security. Answer: Introduction With application the Kyoto Protocol leading industrialized nations had aimed at installation of renewable source of energy and diverting away from fossil fuel(Sovacool, 2014). China though a country leading in carbon footprints, has also been leading in recent years in devising and installation of renewable sources of energy productions as solar, wind and sun. China has been building industry manufacturing renewable energy installations. Many Westernized nations have imposed various taxes and legislations to deter sale of Chinese products but such steps has deterred moving towards renewable energy. Analysis Rising scale of usage of renewable energy has forced market affordability and accessibility towards efficiency. Chinese rapid industrialisation and trade expansion post joining of WTO has led the country to diminishing its usage of fossil fuel(Mathews, 2014). China has installed wind turbines, solar photovoltaic cells, batteries, mirrors and energy storage systems productions. South Korea has also committed itself to green growth with expansion on zero-emission vehicles. Chinas focused investment drive and industrial drive is the key to success for achieving economies of scale and efficiencies through driving unit costs expansion. The country has been able to overtake US and other developed countries in its renewable energy expansion. Its growth is further led by economies of scale with implementation of policies to increase investment in the sector. Governments of countries needs to focus more on policies that aim at carbon reductions to build a strong renewable sector through which they can attain reductions in carbon emissions. Conclusion Major hindrances I scaling up production of renewable energy sources comprise of subsidizing of fossil fuels. There need for private finances for boosting overall infrastructure present for the purpose of scaling and facilitating investment in the domain. China is leading in a manner by mass scale production and market growth of renewable energy by driving costs down to make wind, solar and water power available to all. Reference Lists Mathews, J. A. (2014). Manufacture renewables to build energy security. Nature, 166-168. Sovacool, B. K. (2014). Cornucopia or curse? Reviewing the costs and benefits of shale gas hydraulic fracturing (fracking). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 249-264.

Alcoholism Essays (2846 words) - Drinking Culture, Alcohol Abuse

Alcoholism Alcoholism, Alcohol is liquid distilled product of fermented fruits, grains and vegetables used as solvent, antiseptic and sedative for potential abuse. Possible effects are intoxication, sensory alteration, and anxiety reduction. Symptoms of overdose staggering, odor of alcohol on breath, loss of coordination, slurred speech, dilated pupils, fetal alcohol syndrome in babies, and nerve and liver damage. Withdrawal Syndrome is first sweating, tremors then altered perception, followed by psychosis, fear, and finally auditory hallucinations. Indications of possible miss-use are confusion, disorientation, and loss of motor nerve control, convulsions, shock, shallow respiration, involuntary defecation, drowsiness, respiratory depression and possible death. Alcohol is also known as Booze, Juice, Brew, Vino, and Sauce. Most people know why alcohol is abused some reasons are relaxation, sociability, and cheap high. Alcohol is a depressant that decreases the responses of the central nervous system. Alcoholism is a disease that has been destroying people's lives mentally, physically and emotionally throughout the entire world since the early 18th century. Sometimes people get the idea that alcohol abuse and alcoholism are the same thing. The National Council on Alcoholism says "Alcohol Abuse" a problem to solve. Alcoholism a disease to conquer. Alcohol Abuse is the misuse of the substance, alcohol. You know you are abusing an alcoholic substance when you continue to use it, even though you're having social or personal problems because of your use. You still use it even though it's causing you physical problems. Using it the way you do is causing you legal problems. You don't live up to major responsibilities on the job or in your family. Alcoholism is being addicted, or dependent on alcohol. You may be dependent on alcohol if any three of the following are true. You have to use larger and larger amounts of it to get drunk. You have withdrawal when you try to stop or cut down. You use it much more and for longer times than you really want to. You can't seem to cut back and feel a strong need or craving for it. You spend a lot of your time just getting the substance. You'd rather use than work or be with friends and family. You keep using, no matter what. The National Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism estimates based on research, that a Blood Alcohol Concentration between .02 and .04 makes your chances of being in a single-vehicle fatal crash 1.4 times higher than for someone who has not had a drink. If your BAC is between .05 and .09, you are 11.1 times more likely to be in a fatal single vehicle crash, and 48 times more likely at a BAC between .10 and .14. If you've got a BAC of .15, your risk of being in a single-vehicle fatal crash is estimated to be 380 times higher than a non-drinker's. Recent research is showing that true substance dependence may be caused, in part, by brain chemistry deficiencies. That is one reason that substance dependence is considered a disease. Excessive drinking can cause liver damage and psychotic behavior. As little as two beers or drinks can impair coordination and thinking. Alcohol is often used by substance abusers to enhance the effects of other drugs. Alcohol continues to be the most frequently abused substance among young adults. Alcohol abuse is a pattern of problem drinking that results in health consequences, social, problems, or both. However, alcoholism refers to a disease that is characterized by alcohol-seeking behavior that leads to the loss of control while drinking. Short-term effects of alcohol use include distorted vision, hearing, and coordination. Long-term effects of heavy alcohol use include: loss of appetite, vitamin deficiencies, stomach ailments, skin problems, sexual impotence, liver damage, heart and central nervous system damage. Using alcohol to escape problems, a change in personality, turning from Dr. Jekyl to Mr. Hyde, a high tolerance level blackouts, sometimes not remembering what happened while drinking, problems at work or in school as a result of drinking, concern shown by family and friends about drinking. As with other diseases, there is the possibility of taking medicine to get better. There is now promising evidence that taking medicine can correct some of the deficiencies that may cause drug dependence. It is beginning to look like a combination of the right medicine along with talking therapy and behavior therapy, will help us treat this disease, as we have never before been able to. One drug is Naltrexone, sometimes known as ReVia. Fluoxetine (Prozac) and Desipramine (Norpramin) have also shown promise. Alcohol abuse is also a serious medical and social problem, but is not the

DNA Technology essays

DNA Technology essays DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a very important part of our lives today. It is found in the nucleus of cells on the chromosomes. It is found in many cell organelles, such as plasmids in bacteria, chloroplasts in plants, and mitochondria in both plants and animals. DNA helps us to perform many actions in solving crimes, doing paternity tests, and also helps us to do scientific studies that were not possible until the middle 1900s. DNA has been one of the most popular subjects of study ever since it was discovered. Scientists James Watson and Francis Crick first discovered DNA in 1953. On April 2, they published a journal article that was only one page in length, but has changed the life of everyone forever. Watson and Crick claimed that DNA is made of two chains of nucleotides joined together by the nitrogen bases. The bases hold the two nucleotides together because they are complementary of each other, or ones base determines the others base. The four bases are: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine. DNA is also in the shape of a double helix, or twisted ladder. DNA has two specific functions. It provides for protein synthesis and for the growth and development of an organism. It also furnishes all descendants of the organism with protein-synthesizing information by replicating itself and passing a copy to each offspring. This information, known as the genetic code, lies in the sequence of bases of DNA, which specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein. DNA does not act directly in the process of protein synthesis. Instead it acts through the formation of a particular type of RNA called messenger RNA. The DNA technology that we have today is an extremely important part of scientific research today. Without the knowledge we have about it we could not do such applications as: paternity tests, solving crimes and other cases, and etc. Geneticis...

Hundred Years War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hundred Years War - Essay Example and Henry VI2. In the Hundred Years' War France and Spain were allied and supported the Scottish cause of independence from the English crown. England was allied with Portugal and Burgundy and controlled large sections of Aquitaine and northern France"3. The Hundred Years' War was initiated by the King Philip VI of France in 1337 when he stabbed to impound the territories of England which were situated in the southwestern France. The war was ended in 1453 with the victory of France that resulted in expelling of English from the continent. During the war many new weapons and war tactics were used by the French and English army. The historians consider the Hundred Years' War as the most significant conflict of the medieval warfare that further defined the history of both England and France. "The war was consisted of a series of set backs and victories for each side as well as a multitude of shifting alliances between the major and minor powers of Europe in the region"4. "The significance of the Hundred Years' War is the rise of nationalism it engendered, compared to earlier medieval conflicts"5. The English military secured victories in several battles fought during the war but at times they were also defeated by France. "The war laid waste to much of France and caused enormous suffering; it virtually destroyed the feudal nobility and thereby brought about a new social order. By ending England's status as a power on the continent, it led the English to expand their reach and power at sea"6. The English defeat in Hundred Years' War possesses several important aspects and reasons behind it which are going to be discussed after the background, causes and other information about the war. About Hundred Years' War The background for Hundred Years' War was stated preparing 400 years as a result of conflicts occurring between the English and French King. "The conflicts arise because the King of England being a vassal of French King, rules the territory of France more than the King of France himself"7. The French attempted to resolve the problem in three decisive wars including the conquest of Normandy in 1214, The Saintonge War in 1242 and the War of Saint-Sardos in 1324. These wars resulted in the end of English hold on the continent. The conflicts between the two countries grew along with time. "One of the major conflicting issues between England and France was regarding the duchy of Aquitaine which was located in Southwestern France"8. In 1259, the Treaty of Paris designated that Henry III held the duchy as a fief of the French king Charles IV, King of France who will pay liege homage to the king but the situation become complicated with the death of Charles IV, King of France in 1328 without a male heir. Edward III, the King of England claimed that he has a right to take the thorn as his mother was the sister of King Charles. In 1337, the war was started when Edward III raided into French territory and became the King of France. This action of King Edward III initiated the series of war which spread over a century. There were many battles fought during the war period including the Battle of Crecy and Battle of Poitiers which were

Unethical behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unethical behavior - Essay Example Above all, the Golden Rule and Ethical Education are suggested to solve these ethical fallacies. In order to preserve the ethical standard of the world at large, the discussion of the misconceptions and rationalizations is crucial to preserving the standard of ethics and social norms. Using Jack Marshall’s list of ethical fallacies, let’s discuss five common reasons as handpicked. First, if there is a Golden Rule, there is a Golden Rationalization, as well. Apparently, it is the opposite of the former. This rationalization is not new. It began as early as the beginning of the civilization. It was believed that when the majority of the people performed a certain action – the judgment whether the action is right or wrong is determined through it. In other words, if everybody does it – you can therefore do it, as well. If the majority of the society had committed adultery, then it is implicitly all right for you to commit the same. However, a person who used this reasoning is aware of his misconduct. Since everybody does it, he would argue that he should not be singled for condemnation, although he is conscious that adultery is illegal. Secondly, another common rationalization is called The Compliance Dodge. If a person had complied with the rules, it is obviously driven by the punishments enumerated therein. Put it another way, ethics is about the individual’s decision to do what is right. If a person has the genuine intention to do the right thing without any given sanction – it is therefore ethical. That is to say that compliance with the rules is not the same with ethics. Individuals who were using this rationalization had been finding loopholes in a set of rules to justify unethical behaviors as right. Thirdly, The Slippery Slope is an insidious fallacy. Several people believed that if a misconduct or unethical behavior had brought no harm to anybody – it could not be considered a wrongdoing. Another key thing to

Property Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Property Rights - Essay Example The land subject to eminent domain is to be given to a private entity for an economic project. The problem presented by those who criticize the ruling in this case is that private entities and corporations might use this to influence the government in acquiring lands. This will give them an undue advantage against individual citizens with respect to property rights. According to John Locke, the moment a person is born, he has the right to preservation. He has the right to enjoy and use nature for their subsistence. "God, who hath given the world to men in common, hath also given them reason to make use of it to the best advantage of life and convenience." Locke said. As such, According to Lock, since God gave the world to men for its use and enjoyment, there must be some way in which people could take them and own them. Because without taking them and owning it, how could people use it This is the basis of individual property rights. However, the property rights of a person are not absolute or unconditional. It may be subject to conditions and it may be limited in favor of the state, the general welfare of the people or for public order. For example, the government may regulate transactions involving properties. These regulations may take the form of contract laws, professional regulations law, or even labor law. Another example of limitation o... Because the government is task to protect and promote the general welfare of its people, to successfully do this, it needs money to spend. And a bulk of the money used by the government comes from taxes. Without the power to impose taxes, the government will not be able to acquire money and by taxation, individuals are required to part with a portion of their property in favor of the government. Hence it is a limitation to their property rights. The Power of Eminent Domain Another form of limitation on the individual's property rights is eminent domain. In eminent domain, the government is authorized to take a person's property, even against his will, as long as such taking is for a public use and the person is paid just compensation. The Problem with This Case Usually, this is exercised by the government when it builds infrastructures such as bridges, school buildings and the like, mostly government owned. However in this case, it was exercised by a corporation for economic development. While it is true that the economic project will reap benefits for the whole city such as jobs and revenues in the form of taxes, such is only incidental. Ultimately, whatever revenue that the corporation will receive will go to the private persons who own it. This, I believe, would cause an alarming precedence. Because of this ruling, the private entities are now allowed, in a way, to exercise eminent domain. All it has to do is to apply to the city, present the number of jobs that it could offer the possible revenues that it could earn the city and they can get delegation of that power. They can force individuals to sell them any property they like. In my opinion, this would threaten the individual's property rights. Exercise of eminent

The Dangers Of Passive Smoking Health Essay

The Dangers Of Passive Smoking Health Essay Passive smoking is breathing in the smoke of smokers, cigars or pipes. Environmental smoke includes the smoke exhaled from the smoker and the smoke emitted from the burning cigarette. Stream smoke from the burning cigarettes tend to wander in the room longer and the concentrations of carcinogens than the smoke exhaled from the smoker. So to have people smoking in the home, whether smoking in another room, the children remain at increased risk for smoke inhalation. Passive smoking not only affects the lungs of children but also affects the brain, heart, gut As of respiratory diseases, numerous studies have demonstrated that passive smoking increases the risk of tuberculosis infection, the onset of asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, or children frequent cough, runny nose. Experts estimate that each year about 150,000 to 300,000 children under 18 months of age with acute bronchitis or pneumonia related to the Smoke Free Environment. Children under 1 year old are the children of smokers with acute bronchitis or pneumonia more than double those of nonsmokers. Children in families with smokers are at risk to asthma increased more than 2 times daily, the number of hospitalizations for asthma treatment is much more than children whose family members do not smoke drugs. These children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke or sore throat, inflammation of nasal congestion, hoarseness, and flu than non-exposed children. Children who are exposed to secondhand smoke also scraping the tonsils VA and cut more. Passive smoking can affect a childs heart muscle system. These influences include the limited supply of oxygen to the tissues of the body, reducing the heart rate response to activity, and gradually increase heart rate continuously. Passive smoking is also a risk factor for causing all kinds of other chronic intestinal diseases, colitis. Those children exposed to secondhand smoke, the risk of ulcerative colitis increased 2 times compared with children not exposed. Results showed that smoking increases the risk of metabolic syndrome a disorder related to the increased amount of fat in the stomach, leading to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. When you smoke anywhere toxic particles from tobacco will hide the hair and clothes. When you come in contact with me, even then you do not smoke again, the baby is exposed to toxins. And if you breastfeed, your baby will go to toxins through breast milk, Winickoff said. To protect young children, experts recommend parents as follows: Keep children away from smoking. Use a coat to wear outside each smoker. Wash your hands after smoking. Use other measures to stop smoking support To cope with the increasing restriction of smoking, big tobacco manufacturers in Japan has launched a product which the company claims is the first smokeless tobacco in the world. Mint looks Zerostyle regular cigarettes, but contains a tube containing a removable medication afraid. This tube is inserted into the filter and the smoker can enjoy a taste of the drug, plus the pleasant fragrance of mint flavor. The most special thing is these drugs do not release the smoke. two-thirds of the cigarette smoke from the burning will spread into the environment, not on smokers lung. The reason is a cigarette burn out of chips that it only took minutes to about two thirty-seconds for each cigarette. Nicotine. This is the addictive chemical, smoke a few times as it began to smoke because it stimulates the initial chemicals. Once inhaled, the nicotine running up the brain, making it supremely comfortable for follicle stimulating the adrenal glands and nerve cells. But the long-term use of nicotine cause heart palpitations, high blood pressure, taste buds numb, lonely mood, by the people. Carbon monoxide. This gas is odorless, colorless, has negative effects are taken the place of oxygen in red blood cells, causing the body of oxygen. Only very small quantities, but continuous work for longer, this gas is also taken to heart disease. 3-High tobacco. Cigarettes contain thousands of chemicals. Nearly half are natural or caused by chemical reactions between each other when the cigarette is burned. Several other manufacturers add to enhance the flavor. When burned, these chemicals to see each other and create tar (tar), a glue-like compound, gray. Inhalation, tar and throat irritation alveoli. Some chemicals found in plastics are acetone, ammonia, benzene, cyanide, formaldehyde, phenol, toluene, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, lead When smoke is deliberately flying in a watertight space, the air will be more air pollution as 40 times normal. -Sitting in this environment, many people are excited, the plant will eye, tears lead nose, itchy throat, chest pain, headache, dizziness, nausea. After half an hour, continue to breathe, the carbon monoxide in your blood, fast heartbeat, decreased inference judgments. Here are some of the reasons that children are more risk severe smoke inhalation and whose parents smoke in the house: 1-The lungs of young children, less growth completely; 2-immune system protects the bodys weak because they are new students; Because 3-breathing faster than adults so they inhale more harmful chemicals in the same time; 4-You can not protect themselves by staying away or tell the public does not want to inhale smoke, so take the battle to breathe. Where does the freedom to smoke cigarettes, there is no way to protect them with this hazardous smoke. Here are some of the risk of illness for children: When a new-born but had smoke inhalation, the growth of the lung is not perfect, leading to decreased lung function, poor health; b-balance Childhood passive smoking increases the risk of lung infection such as pneumonia, bronchitis. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States each year there are 300,000 children under the age of one lung infection with 15.000 children hospitalized treatment, just because the balance of passive smoking; Smoke makes you cough or, to talk and problems in the throat, wheezing. Many children have surgery to remove excess flesh in the throat department to avoid infection; e-hand smoke as much fluid accumulates in the inner ear caused surgery to treat or to put drainage pipes; e-Children with asthma can breathe air that tobacco smoke on asthma and the disease is more severe. Also smoking is the risk of asthma in children may be sick of this. Research in Britain and Israel concluded parents smoke, pneumonia of children doubled. -When parents smoke, then I can born underweight, premature death after birth or Sudden Death Syndrome (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) may be the reason for the reduction of oxygen to the fetus, because nicotine can do carbon monoxide and blood vessels take the place of oxygen in hemoglobin. After birth, that I continue smoking, the immortal dead twice. When severe addiction, the mortality increased fivefold since the common inhaled smoke excess air from the mother smoking drugs. Your mother does not smoke but smoking is the way children are born to light up. Had evidence of pathological changes leading to atherosclerosis newborn umbilical cord when the mother smoking or breathing secondhand smoke to spare. i-UK study shows that the balance of passive smoking reduces the likelihood of early childhood reading. This is not counting, parents smoking when children grow up and imitate smoking and became addicted. And the cycle was renewed generation after generation Khà ³i thuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc là ¡ tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ là  m, nÆ ¡i cà ´ng cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢ng. This is a problem that has been public and government attention very much. The reason is safety in the workplace is very important. Employers have a duty to provide employees with a job without risks, a safe workplace. Since the 1980s, inhaled cigarette smoke has been seen as residual risk leading cause health risks at work and in public places. The new study shows that access to tobacco smoke in restaurants, more pub than in the workplace or other facilities. Restaurant staff, facilities have smoke are at increased risk for heart disease and lung and the employer must be responsible. There is much precedent court case, an employer must pay compensation for failing to protect the health and safety for workers with residual smoke. uly 3, 2003, Sir Liam Donaldson, a senior health officials of the British government, has announced that, who do not smoke but live with the population crush the pill will increase the risk of lung cancer from 20 30% and 25% of heart disease. Also, according to these officials, the creation of smoke-free environment will help people quit smoking addiction, but also avoids the risk of disease for millions of non-smokers, including many children, large and small. He also said that in the past 50 years, tobacco has no significant rival to death for his people the British Queen. Last November 2004, Britain began smoking bans in public places. Mindful of the adverse effects to passengers that smoking should not breathe smoke-polluted air, the airline also applicable law prohibiting smoking inside the plane. Most airports also a place where non-smokers. Kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ nghà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ sà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n xuà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t thuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc là ¡ cà ³ à ½ kià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n khà ¡c They say that there seems to have exaggerated the effects of environmental tobacco smoke pollution on health; that the risk is not serious except for a few nasty little thing. They promised to publish the medical evidence is reliable passive smoking is not harmful to public health non-smokers. According to them, the campaign against smoking has caused damage not repaired for industrial production of cigarettes and they will launch a campaign asking people to protect the rights of smokers. A statement to be reminded many times in the journal Tobacco International is: Communism failed because people do not have freedom of choice. Smoking will last forever because smokers have a choice of smoking or not Là ½ luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n cà ¡Ã‚ »a dà ¢n nghià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n thuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc là ¡ In principle, smoking or not smoking is a freedom of choice that no one individual or any government can ban. However, where interest, especially when the impact if create is not good for others may be restricted, prohibited. Some people argue: I smoke in my house, nobody has the right to ban because it is my freedom. But actually it is not used his right only to satisfy the nicotine craving only. Moreover, when tobacco smoke as a spouse or child of his poetry to breathe smoke, then carrying the disease, it is also a form of domestic violence, child physical abuse. That when there is domestic violence law to intervene to protect victims of secondhand smoke. So if you want a healthy spouse, fetal growth, healthy children to live happy life, please think about their responsibilities. There is also precedent for a divorce, a parent lose visitation rights because the children refused to stop smoking when near them. The UK, the adoption of standards, there does not account for smokers or sponsored child care, because cigarette smoke lead to risks to their health. er active smoking and alcohol voluntarily. Phà ²ng ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «a rà ¡Ã‚ »i ro-Bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £o và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©c khà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ e After decades of research, scientists have demonstrated the benefits of eliminating tobacco smoke, prevent environmental pollution. This is a work necessary to protect the health of everyone, especially when that did not want to breathe the air pollution there. Service or learn to observe, the risk of causing illness that may prevent passive smoking, the balance of the third, aftScientific evidence for or: there is no safe level for any cancer-causing agents. So environmental tobacco smoke as much or even less, should be eliminated at their workplaces, private homes and public places. As a reminder that smoke and odors can be reduced by ventilation systems, but some chemicals are still hanging around the house several hours after smoking. Public places as enclosed spaces frequented by the public, activities such as offices, hospitals, schools, professional or public places, banks, restaurants, entertainment, sports performance, training fitness training, waiting room, reception room people living in this environment should be protected, sheltered before the dangers of toxic substances in tobacco smoke. Phà ²ng ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «a à ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ nhà   Do not smoke or let guests smoke in the house; b-If for reasons of force majeure that a family member smoking indoors, they should increase the ventilation system in rooms where people smoke it, expand the window, use extra fans to smoke out the milk; c-No smoking around children, especially infants because they are highly susceptible to cigarette smoke; e-Not to keep the baby, who helped the smoke in the house or near them; Select e-home child care has a clear plan for smoking ban. Phà ²ng ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «a tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i nÆ ¡i là  m vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡c The agency safety and health workers are encouraging each facility must have a plan on smoking. Primary purpose is to protect those who do not smoke, avoid breathing secondhand smoke in an unwanted environment. Here are a few methods can be applied: a-Banning smoking in the premises or restrict smoking in designated locations; b-air in smoking rooms are allowed to exit directly out outdoors with ventilation, not flow into other rooms. This room must be placed separately from the work to non-smokers from the back and forth. Those who do not smoke should not use this room for any demand, any service. If you set up outdoor smoking area shall prohibit smoking right outside the doors for non-smokers can use that path. Should be consistent with outdoor ashtrays to break ground population, smoking; e-There should be programs to help people who want to quit. Sometimes working in the smoking ban is encouraging people addicted motivation goodbye yellow smoke, because many people are unaware that their habit was harmful to others. -Phà ²ng ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ «a tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i tià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡m ăn, tià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡m rÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £u Currently, in many localities have passed laws that prohibit smoking in city restaurants, Pub. Many employers sometimes do not want to ban smoking in restaurants, for fear of losing customers. But the study said: smoking bans do not affect the profitability of the service that contrary to many people prefer the back because I feel safer. Employers should have no smoking areas and smoking areas. This division will somewhat reduce smoke for nonsmokers. No smoking area should be placed near the top of the air supply. Smoking area near the exhaust out. Bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £o và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ cà ¡ nhà ¢n Do not smoke, but want to avoid the risk of environmental tobacco smoke pollution, they may protect themselves by: a. Tell everyone they have contact with cigarette smoke is offensive to her. To sign Please do not smoke in the house, car, office work. b-When the restaurant, so pick the smoking areas as far as possible; c. Require government measures to protect against secondhand smoke in public places; e-Support the establishment plans to ban smoking; e-When meeting people, where the proposal is specifically for people addicted to smoking; g-on professional or public, to sit as far from smokers as possible; h-If anyone smoke near her, then gently tell them that you are allergic to smoke. Or away from where people smoke. Kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n In many countries, the problem is excess smoke inhalation is a special public attention. The reason is there much evidence of adverse effects caused by this pollution to health. In the U.S. alone, every year there from 9700-18.6000 children were born underweight; 1900-2700 children die suddenly; 700,000-1,600,000 children with otitis media; 800,000 new asthma cases are detected; 400,000-1,000,000 cases of aggravated asthma; 150000-300000 children with bronchitis or pneumonia. All are caused by residual smoke. Not to mention that many cases of lung cancer, heart disease, the risk of uterine cancer. So the problem of passive smoking should be more public agencies and institutions of each country abetting satisfactorily resolved, to eliminate the acceptance of this reluctance to tobacco smoke pollution. And so people are comfortable living life in peace.

Mathematics in the Primary School Essay -- education, teaching, learnin

â€Å"A successful learner in mathematics involves constructing understanding through exploration, problem solving, discussion and practical experience and evidentially through a teacher who has a clear grasp of the underlying structure of the mathematics being taught† (Haylock 2010:3). Analysing my personal journey through mathematics will allow me to explore if my experiences have influenced my attitudes towards mathematics. Beginning by exploring the ways in which I was taught as a child, examining what framework was used for the teaching of mathematics, before continuing to explore if education reforms and learning strategies could have influenced by experiences. Concluding by reflecting on my attitude towards mathematics as an adult and trainee teacher, discussing how they will affect or influence the methods of teaching I will adopt. Entering formal education in 1991 I was taught by means of the revised version of mathematical national curriculum 1991 (DfE 2013b) brought about by the Educational Reform Act 1988.The main two principles of the national curriculum were: firstly to ensure all pupils learn and achieve and secondly to promote pupils spiritual, moral, social and cultural development (DES 1987) The basis of therevised curriculum and its associated testing was to standardise the content taught across schools in order to raise standards of attainment in mathematics. With the introduction of a national curriculum came the introduction of national tests SATs, programmes of study, attainment targets and levels. This was the framework for my memories of mathematics to be established (DfE 2013a). My early recollections of being taught mathematics are through teacher explanation followed by an activity to complete to show you we... ...Utusun Ofsted. (2010). Learning: creative approaches that raise standards. Available: http://www.creativitycultureeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/learning-creative- approaches-that-raise-standards-250.pdf. Last accessed 8th Nov 2013. Orton, A (2004). Learning Mathematics: Issues, Theory and Classroom Practice. 3rd ed. London: Continuum. 49-57. Pound L and Lee T (2011). Teaching Mathematics Creatively. Oxon: Routledge Skemp, R (2002). Mathematics in the Primary School. 2nd ed. London: Taylor and Francis . Stewart, I (2013). The Great Mathematical Problems. London : Profile Books William, P. (2008). Independent Review of Mathematics Teaching in Early Years Settings and Primary Schools. Available: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/https://www.education.go v.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/Williams%20Mathematics.pdf. Last accessed 1st Nov 2013.